Gross Domestic Product (GDP) is the total monetary value of all finished goods and services produced within a country’s borders in a specific time frame.
Shadow pricing is the fancy way to assign a dollar value to things that usually don’t get one. Just think of it as the financial world’s way of saying, ‘Hey, this is important – let’s put a price on it!’
Tobin's Q is a ratio comparing the market value of a firm's assets to the replacement cost of those assets—essentially determining whether to invest in new capital.